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Veritas Administration of Veritas InfoScale

Veritas technologies to deliver govt organizations with data coverage and Cloud features | killexams.com existent Questions and Pass4sure dumps

Sep 18, 2018
Stephanie Simone
Veritas technologies, issuer of traffic information coverage and utility-described storage options, is getting into a executive-large agreement for the U.S. usual functions Administration (GSA), presenting federal businesses with records governance and cloud facts management software.
below the contract, government groups can Have access to Veritas data insurance device and cloud solutions at negotiated fees to allow for better statistics management.
The settlement is derived from the GSA IT agenda 70 and thoroughly helps the Federal tips expertise Acquisition Reform Act (FITARA) Enhancement application.
The agreement brings Veritas’ commercial enterprise information administration portfolio to everyone eligible federal, state, native, and tribal govt corporations.
These groups can build upon the data coverage basis of Veritas NetBackup and add further statistics management capabilities to accelerate up their cloud initiatives.
one of the crucial initial choices include:
  • Veritas information perception helps groups enhance unstructured information governance to in the reduction of charges, risk and obtain compliance via actionable intelligence into records ownership, usage and entry controls.
  • Veritas eDiscovery Platform offers governments with the most effective analysis toolkit for isolating famous felony, regulatory and investigative items, revealing context and prioritizing what is most important, using a separate utility.
  • Veritas InfoScale helps federal IT groups superior give protection to suggestions and purposes across actual and digital infrastructures. InfoScale minimizes downtime with the aid of presenting inordinate availability and catastrophe recovery over any distance for vital company functions, together with particular person databases, custom functions and sophisticated multitier functions throughout actual, digital and cloud environments.
  • Veritas traffic Vault, when offered as a solution with a FedRAMP authorized utility-as-a service (SaaS) cloud service from bluesource (known as EV247), frees organizations from the overhead of owning, running or managing email and file archives. The EV247 solution is powered by using the area’s main archiving expertise from Veritas. it is a cloud platform, utility archiving solution and managed service multi function.
  • Veritas 360 facts management offers organizations the capacity to radically change their records to address the challenges of end-to-end records management by passage of statistics visibility, compliance readiness, traffic continuity, information coverage and recoverability. It accomplishes everyone of these dreams while retaining facts/workload portability and storage optimization.
    • For extra counsel about this information, search counsel from www.veritas.com.

    Veritas Enters fresh government-vast Cloud records management agreement for the U.S. accepted services Administration | killexams.com existent Questions and Pass4sure dumps

    MOUNTAIN VIEW, Calif., Sept. 12, 2018 /PRNewswire/ -- Veritas applied sciences, the global market partake leader in the enterprise data protection and software-described storage market, has entered into a govt-broad settlement for the U.S. gauge services Administration (GSA) to give federal agencies with information governance and cloud information administration utility.
    below the agreement, executive groups can Have access to Veritas information insurance device and cloud solutions at negotiated expenditures to permit for improved records management. The compress is derived from the GSA IT agenda 70 and totally supports the Federal counsel know-how Acquisition Reform Act (FITARA) Enhancement program.
    The agreement brings Veritas' award-profitable commercial enterprise records administration portfolio to everyone eligible federal, state, native and tribal government companies. These agencies can construct upon the information insurance policy basis of Veritas NetBackup and add additional statistics management capabilities to accelerate up their cloud initiatives. one of the most introductory choices consist of:
  • Veritas information insight helps corporations enhance unstructured records governance to nick back costs, possibility and achieve compliance via actionable intelligence into facts ownership, usage and entry controls.
  • Veritas eDiscovery Platform offers governments with the gauge evaluation toolkit for keeping apart primary prison, regulatory and investigative objects, revealing context and prioritizing what's most essential, the usage of a separate utility.
  • Veritas InfoScale helps federal IT teams improved give protection to tips and functions across physical and virtual infrastructures. InfoScale minimizes downtime by using offering tall availability and catastrophe recovery over any distance for crucial company services, together with individual databases, custom applications and tangled multitier functions across physical, virtual and cloud environments.
  • Veritas commercial enterprise Vault, when provided as a solution with a FedRAMP authorized application-as-a carrier (SaaS) cloud provider from bluesource (referred to as EV247), frees businesses from the overhead of possessing, running or managing e mail and file archives. The EV247 respond is powered by passage of the area's main archiving know-how from Veritas. it's a cloud platform, application archiving respond and managed provider everyone in one.
  • Veritas 360 data management offers organizations the capability to radically change their facts to tackle the challenges of conclusion-to-conclusion data management by means of information visibility, compliance readiness, company continuity, data protection and recoverability. It accomplishes everyone of those purpose while maintaining statistics/workload portability and storage optimization.
    • "The IT time table 70 FITARA Enhancement software will provide govt businesses with superior flexibility in having access to the imaginative utility solutions they want at a stronger charge to taxpayers," talked about Alan Thomas, GSA Federal Acquisition service (FAS) Commissioner. "featuring these solutions via a govt-huge, enterprise-degree compress is a pretty fine option to reduce duplication in their procurement procedure."
    "With the upward shove of cybercrime, the introduction of fresh records regulations, an upturn of facts growth and escalation of digital privacy, federal agencies nowadays Have to subsist organized to obtain strategic selections round records assortment, records storage, the vicinity of that statistics—and how it will too subsist safeguarded," talked about Tom Kennedy, vice president and commonplace supervisor, Veritas Public Sector. "as the undisputed leader in data protection and application-described storage, Veritas is providing government groups convenient access to solutions that advocate combat these pressures – to recall records, preserve it covered, enrich statistics availability, unencumber the vigor of information and garner insights to coerce advancements in govt programs." 
    in regards to the IT agenda 70 FITARA Enhancement ProgramThe Federal suggestions technology Acquisition Reform Act (FITARA) is a GSA software designed to obtain it less difficult and extra reasonably priced for federal businesses to acquire application. FITARA was handed by means of Congress in 2014 and the office of management and finances (OMB) implemented assistance in 2016. It aims to reduce prices and convey innovative expertise to the federal government.
    About VeritasVeritas applied sciences is the chief in the global traffic information insurance device and application-described storage market. We aid probably the most famous businesses on the earth, together with 86 p.c of the international Fortune 500, returned up and recuperate their statistics, maintain it snug and accessible, shelter in opposition t failure and obtain regulatory compliance. As companies modernize their IT infrastructure, Veritas promises the know-how that helps them nick back dangers and capitalize on their facts. subsist trained more at www.veritas.com or succeed us on Twitter at @veritastechllc.
    Veritas and the Veritas emblem are logos or registered logos of Veritas technologies LLC or its associates in the U.S. and different countries. different names can subsist logos of their respective house owners.
    PR Contact
    Veritas TechnologiesDayna Fried +1 925 493 9020dayna.fried@veritas.com

    Cision View fashioned content material to download multimedia:https://www.prnewswire.com/information-releases/veritas-enters-new-govt-wide-cloud-statistics-administration-settlement-for-the-us-typical-capabilities-administration-300710751.html
    supply Veritas applied sciences

    Veritas Boosts application performance and Streamlines data protection and administration on AWS | killexams.com existent Questions and Pass4sure dumps

    LAS VEGAS--(business WIRE)--Veritas applied sciences, the leader in guidance administration, nowadays announced at AWS re:Invent fresh capabilities for InfoScale and NetBackup designed to optimize enterprise utility migration and simplify statistics protection deployment inside Amazon net features (AWS) environments. Veritas InfoScale offers software-defined storage for the cloud and helps ensure software performance, scale and resiliency requirements are met. moreover, maintaining these functions and other cloud-based mostly workloads has now been made even less complicated with the brand fresh Amazon computing device photo (AMI) for NetBackup. These newest capabilities subsist fragment of a bunch of latest Veritas cloud statistics management options that advocate plenty of AWS consume circumstances, from data governance and insurance policy to migration and catastrophe restoration.
    As businesses seem to shift from upfront capex investments to pay-as-you-go opex models, many are prioritizing AWS substances to supersede expensive on-premises infrastructure. in reality, in response to Veritas analysis, fifty three p.c of mission-essential functions could subsist within the public cloud this year. This accelerating shift indicates that earlier than refreshing on-premises hardware, groups are looking first to the cloud. although, one primary roadblock to with ease “lifting and moving” functions enjoy Oracle, SAP, and other resource intensive workloads is the performance and resiliency tradeoffs. whereas IT has the alternative of refactoring these purposes to travail natively within the cloud, doing so can subsist each a large time dedication and a pricey conducting.
    Veritas InfoScale allows the accelerate and price-effectiveness of lifting and transferring to AWS whereas assisting subsist confident the performance, scalability and resiliency of these enterprise applications. the brand fresh NetBackup AMI simplifies records insurance policy deployment—both in and out of the cloud—as fragment of the NetBackup platform’s separate pane of glass adventure and finished solution to protect everyone actual, digital and cloud-based workloads.
    these days’s announcement serves as an famous proof aspect of Veritas’ passage to bring cloud data administration options that tackle everyone predominant areas of cloud transformation:
  • world statistics Visibility – Blindly touching statistics and purposes to the cloud can pressure up impregnate and augment possibility. definitely, fifty two % of enterprise storage budgets are already spent on storing darkish facts. With counsel Map, agencies subsist awake what facts they Have got, who owns it and the passage ancient it's, featuring the insight vital to ensure they are relocating the appropriate facts, to the right region, at the appropriate time.
  • basic Cloud Migration – devoid of the appropriate equipment, migrating data and application workloads to the cloud can prove to subsist a complicated and costly activity. To provide essential and in your charge scope cloud migration, Veritas leverages the profound information of statistics and software interdependencies constructed into InfoScale to alleviate storage bottlenecks and enable seamless and quick-witted statistics migration to the AWS cloud. groups with hybrid-cloud ideas can now profit the very elevated workload portability, resiliency and manage in the cloud that they are used to on-premises.
  • Optimized utility efficiency – Lifting and transferring commercial enterprise applications to the cloud can impose inordinate efficiency tradeoffs. The software-consciousness and quick-witted statistics caching constructed into InfoScale utility-defined storage choices alleviates these trade-offs, giving valued clientele an accelerated, yet commercial enterprise-capable atmosphere to maximize mission-essential software performance in the cloud. This skill that groups with mission famous tier-one applications comparable to Oracle, TIBCO, SAP and other OLTP/OLAP workloads, can now occupy skills of the size and economics of AWS infrastructure with out sacrificing required performance and reliability.
  • Unified records insurance policy – The complexity of keeping information the usage of aspect products is exponentially larger with the adoption of several cloud infrastructures. NetBackup grants an easy, official and unified facts protection journey that siloed and disparate products can not deliver. With the unlock of NetBackup eight.0, AWS shoppers can now leverage the fresh NetBackup AMI for a preconfigured and customizable cloud deployment of NetBackup in minutes.
    • “Our purchasers are leveraging Veritas solutions to integrate Amazon S3 into their facts lifecycle management approach,” observed Mike Palmer, executive vice president, chief product officer at Veritas. “hobby in relocating tier-one enterprise functions similar to Oracle and SAP to the cloud is transforming into. Veritas is leading the efforts to enable these organizations Have a seamless, scalable and cost-efficient solution to entry, partake and leverage cloud storage without having to sacrifice efficiency or resiliency.”
    “As extra agencies increasingly flip to a considerable number of styles of clouds to flee some or everyone of their mission-critical functions, the capability to migrate and control statistics between and across systems—now not just at all, but effortlessly—becomes vital,” referred to imprint Peters, succeed Director & Senior Analyst, enterprise passage group. “with the aid of growing options for these hybrid cloud environments, and chiefly building-in usher for AWS, Veritas is providing customers with an effective strategy to both control their facts and too to gain seamless entry to the area’s greatest public cloud issuer.”
    Veritas is a gold sponsor of AWS re:Invent 2016. For convention attendees attracted to researching more about Veritas cloud information administration choices for AWS, delight dispute with us at sales space #632. also, observe us on twitter @Veritasllc and interact with us the consume of #reInvent or #ReInvent2016.
    About Veritas technologies
    Veritas applied sciences allows for organizations to harness the energy of their counsel, with suggestions management solutions serving the realm’s biggest and most advanced environments. Veritas works with agencies of everyone sizes, including 86 percent of world Fortune 500 corporations, enhancing records availability and revealing insights to coerce aggressive knowledge. www.veritas.com
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    Administration of Veritas InfoScale Availability 7.1 for UNIX/Linux

    King of the network operating systems | killexams.com existent questions and Pass4sure dumps

    COMPUTINGFrom...Network World Fusionnetworking
    January 24, 2000Web posted at: 12:11 p.m. EST (1711 GMT)
    by John Bass and James Robinson, Network World Test Alliance
    (IDG) -- It everyone boils down to what you're looking for in a network operating system (NOS).
    Do you want it lank and springy so you can install it any passage you please? Perhaps administration bells and management whistles are what you need so you can deploy several hundred servers. Or maybe you want an operating system that's robust enough so that you sleep enjoy a baby at night?
    The fine news is that there is a NOS waiting just for you. After the rash of recent software revisions, they took an in-depth examine at four of the major NOSes on the market: Microsoft's Windows 2000 Advanced Server, Novell's NetWare 5.1, Red Hat Software's Linux 6.1 and The Santa Cruz Operation's (SCO) UnixWare 7.1.1. Sun declined their invitation to submit Solaris because the company says it's working on a fresh version.
    Microsoft's Windows 2000 edges out NetWare for the Network World Blue Ribbon Award. Windows 2000 tops the field with its management interface, server monitoring tools, storage management facilities and security measures.
    However, if it's performance you're after, no product came immediate to Novell's NetWare 5.1's numbers in their exhaustive file service and network benchmarks. With its lightning-fast engine and Novell's directory-based administration, NetWare offers a noteworthy basis for an enterprise network.
    We institute the latest release of Red Hat's commercial Linux bundle led the list for flexibility because its modular design lets you pare down the operating system to suit the chore at hand. Additionally, you can create scripts out of multiple Linux commands to automate tasks across a distributed environment.
    While SCO's UnixWare seemed to lag behind the pack in terms of file service performance and NOS-based administration features, its scalability features obtain it a strong candidate for running enterprise applications.
    The numbers are in
    Regardless of the job you saddle your server with, it has to effect well at reading and writing files and sending them across the network. They designed two benchmark suites to measure each NOS in these two categories. To reflect the existent world, their benchmark tests deem a wide scope of server conditions.
    NetWare was the hands-down leader in their performance benchmarking, taking first position in two-thirds of the file tests and earning top billing in the network tests.
    Red Hat Linux followed NetWare in file performance overall and even outpaced the leader in file tests where the read/write loads were small. However, Linux did not effect well handling large loads - those tests in which there were more than 100 users. Under heavier user loads, Linux had a drift to quit servicing file requests for a short term and then start up again.
    Windows 2000 demonstrated needy write performance across everyone their file tests. In fact, they institute that its write performance was about 10% of its read performance. After consulting with both Microsoft and Client/Server Solutions, the author of the Benchmark Factory testing utensil they used, they determined that the needy write performance could subsist due to two factors. One, which they were unable to verify, might subsist a viable performance problem with the SCSI driver for the hardware they used.
    More significant, though, was an issue with their test software. Benchmark Factory sends a write-through flag in each of its write requests that is supposed to cause the server to update cache, if appropriate, and then coerce a write to disk. When the write to disk occurs, the write muster is released and the next request can subsist sent.
    At first glance, it appeared as if Windows 2000 was the only operating system to honor this write-through flag because its write performance was so poor. Therefore, they ran a second round of write tests with the flag turned off.
    With the flag turned off, NetWare's write performance increased by 30%. This test proved that Novell does indeed honor the write-through flag and will write to disk for each write request when that flag is set. But when the write-through flag is disabled, NetWare writes to disk in a more efficient manner by batching together contiguous blocks of data on the cache and writing everyone those blocks to disk at once.
    Likewise, Red Hat Linux's performance increased by 10% to 15% when the write-through flag was turned off. When they examined the Samba file system code, they institute that it too honors the write-through flag. The Samba code then finds an optimum time during the read/write sequence to write to disk.
    This second round of file testing proves that Windows 2000 is conditional on its file system cache to optimize write performance. The results of the testing with the write-through flag off were much higher - as much as 20 times faster. However, Windows 2000 silent fell behind both NetWare and RedHat Linux in the file write tests when the write-through flag was off.
    SCO honors the write-through flag by default, since its journaling file system is constructed to maximize data integrity by writing to disk for everyone write requests. The results in the write tests with the write-through flag on were very similar to the test results with the write-through flag turned off.
    For the network benchmark, they developed two tests. Their long TCP transaction test measured the bandwidth each server can sustain, while their short TCP transaction test measured each server's competence to exploit large numbers of network sessions with diminutive file transactions.
    Despite a needy showing in the file benchmark, Windows 2000 came out on top in the long TCP transaction test. Windows 2000 is the only NOS with a multithreaded IP stack, which allows it to exploit network requests with multiple processors. Novell and Red Hat Say they are working on integrating this capability into their products.
    NetWare and Linux too registered strong long TCP test results, coming in second and third, respectively.
    In the short TCP transaction test, NetWare came out the transparent winner. Linux earned second position in spite of its lack of advocate for abortive TCP closes, a passage by which an operating system can quickly rend down TCP connections. Their testing software, Ganymede Software's Chariot, uses abortive closes in its TCP tests.
    Moving into management
    As enterprise networks grow to require more servers and advocate more intermission users, NOS management tools become crucial elements in keeping networks under control. They looked at the management interfaces of each product and drilled down into how each handled server monitoring, client administration, file and print management, and storage management.
    We institute Windows 2000 and NetWare provide equally useful management interfaces.
    Microsoft Management Console (MMC) is the glue that holds most of the Windows 2000 management functionality together. This configurable graphical user interface (GUI) lets you snap in Microsoft and third-party applets that customize its functionality. It's a two-paned interface, much enjoy Windows Explorer, with a nested list on the left and selection details on the right. The console is simple to consume and lets you configure many local server elements, including users, disks, and system settings such as time and date.
    MMC too lets you implement management policies for groups of users and computers using lively Directory, Microsoft's fresh directory service. From the lively Directory management utensil inside MMC, you can configure users and change policies.
    The network configuration tools are institute in a divide application that opens when you click on the Network Places icon on the desktop. Each network interface is listed inside this window. You can add and change protocols and configure, enable and disable interfaces from here without rebooting.
    NetWare offers several interfaces for server configuration and management. These tools present duplicate functionality, but each is useful depending from where you are trying to manage the system. The System Console offers a number of tools for server configuration. One of the most useful is NWConfig, which lets you change start-up files, install system modules and configure the storage subsystem. NWConfig is simple, intuitive and predictable.
    ConsoleOne is a Java-based interface with a few graphical tools for managing and configuring NetWare. Third-party administration tools can plug into ConsoleOne and let you manage multiple services. They contemplate ConsoleOne's interface is a bit unsophisticated, but it works well enough for those who must Have a Windows- based manager.
    Novell too offers a Web-accessible management application called NetWare Management Portal, which lets you manage NetWare servers remotely from a browser, and NWAdmin32, a relatively simple client-side utensil for administering Novell Directory Services (NDS) from a Windows 95, 98 or NT client.
    Red Hat's overall systems management interface is called LinuxConf and can flee as a graphical or text-based application. The graphical interface, which resembles that of MMC, works well but has some layout issues that obtain it difficult to consume at times. For example, when you flee a setup application that takes up a lot of the screen, the system resizes the application larger than the desktop size.
    Still, you can manage pretty much anything on the server from LinuxConf, and you can consume it locally or remotely over the Web or via telnet. You can configure system parameters such as network addresses; file system settings and user accounts; and set up add-on services such as Samba - which is a service that lets Windows clients bag to files residing on a Linux server - and FTP and Web servers. You can apply changes without rebooting the system.
    Overall, Red Hat's interface is useful and the underlying tools are powerful and flexible, but LinuxConf lacks the polish of the other vendors' tools.
    SCO Admin is a GUI-based front intermission for about 50 SCO UnixWare configuration and management tools in one window. When you click on a tool, it brings up the application to manage that item in a divide window.
    Some of SCO's tools are GUI-based while others are text-based. The server required a reboot to apply many of the changes. On the plus side, you can manage multiple UnixWare servers from SCOAdmin.
    SCO too offers a useful Java-based remote administration utensil called WebTop that works from your browser.
    An eye on the servers and clients
    One famous administration chore is monitoring the server itself. Microsoft leads the pack in how well you can maintain an eye on your server's internals.
    The Windows 2000 System Monitor lets you view a real-time, running graph of system operations, such as CPU and network utilization, and recollection and disk usage. They used these tools extensively to determine the effect of their benchmark tests on the operating system. Another utensil called Network Monitor has a basic network packet analyzer that lets you perceive the types of packets coming into the server. Together, these Microsoft utilities can subsist used to compare performance and capacity across multiple Windows 2000 servers.
    NetWare's Monitor utility displays processor utilization, recollection usage and buffer utilization on a local server. If you know what to examine for, it can subsist a powerful utensil for diagnosing bottlenecks in the system. Learning the import of each of the monitored parameters is a bit of a challenge, though.
    If you want to examine at performance statistics across multiple servers, you can tap into Novell's Web Management Portal.
    Red Hat offers the gauge Linux command-line tools for monitoring the server, such as iostat and vmstat. It has no graphical monitoring tools.
    As with any Unix operating system, you can write scripts to automate these tools across Linux servers. However, these tools are typically cryptic and require a tall flush of proficiency to consume effectively. A suite of graphical monitoring tools would subsist a noteworthy addition to Red Hat's Linux distribution.
    UnixWare too offers a number of monitoring tools. System Monitor is UnixWare's simple but limited GUI for monitoring processor and recollection utilization. The sar and rtpm command-line tools together list real-time system utilization of buffer, CPUs and disks. Together, these tools give you a fine overall thought of the load on the server.
    Client administration
    Along with managing the server, you must manage its users. It's no astound that the two NOSes that ship with an integrated directory service topped the field in client administration tools.
    We were able to configure user permissions via Microsoft's lively Directory and the directory administration utensil in MMC. You can group users and computers into organizational units and apply policies to them.
    You can manage Novell's NDS and NetWare clients with ConsoleOne, NWAdmin or NetWare Management Portal. Each can create users, manage file space, and set permissions and rights. Additionally, NetWare ships with a five-user version of Novell's ZENworks tool, which offers desktop administration services such as hardware and software inventory, software distribution and remote control services.
    Red Hat Linux doesn't present much in the passage of client administration features. You must control local users through Unix authorization configuration mechanisms.
    UnixWare is similar to Red Hat Linux in terms of client administration, but SCO provides some Windows binaries on the server to remotely set file and directory permissions from a Windows client, as well as create and change users and their settings. SCO and Red Hat present advocate for the Unix-based Network Information Service (NIS). NIS is a store for network information enjoy logon names, passwords and home directories. This integration helps with client administration.
    Handling the staples: File and print
    A NOS is nothing without the competence to partake file storage and printers. Novell and Microsoft collected top honors in these areas.
    You can easily add and maintain printers in Windows 2000 using the print administration wizard, and you can add file shares using lively Directory management tools. Windows 2000 too offers Distributed File Services, which let you combine files on more than one server into a separate share.
    Novell Distributed Print Services (NDPS) let you quickly incorporate printers into the network. When NDPS senses a fresh printer on the network, it defines a Printer Agent that runs on the printer and communicates with NDS. You then consume NDS to define the policies for the fresh printer.
    You define NetWare file services by creating and then mounting a disk volume, which too manages volume policies.
    Red Hat includes Linux's printtool utility for setting up server-connected and networks printers. You can too consume this GUI to create printcap entries to define printer access.
    Linux has a set of command-line file system configuration tools for mounting and unmounting partitions. Samba ships with the product and provides some integration for Windows clients. You can configure Samba only through a cryptic configuration ASCII file - a grave drawback.
    UnixWare provides a springy GUI-based printer setup utensil called Printer SetUp Manager. For file and volume management, SCO offers a utensil called VisionFS for interoperability with Windows clients. They used VisionFS to allow their NT clients to access the UnixWare server. This service was simple to configure and use.
    Storage management
    Windows 2000 provides the best tools for storage management. Its graphical Manage Disks utensil for local disk configuration includes software RAID management; you can dynamically add disks to a volume set without having to reboot the system. Additionally, a signature is written to each of the disks in an array so that they can subsist moved to another 2000 server without having to configure the volume on the fresh server. The fresh server recognizes the drives as members of a RAID set and adds the volume to the file system dynamically.
    NetWare's volume management tool, NWConfig, is simple to use, but it can subsist a petite confusing to set up a RAID volume. Once they knew what they were doing, they had no problems formatting drives and creating a RAID volume. The utensil looks a petite primitive, but they give it tall marks for functionality and ease of use.
    Red Hat Linux offers no graphical RAID configuration tools, but its command line tools made RAID configuration easy.
    To configure disks on the UnixWare server, they used the Veritas Volume Manager graphical disk and volume administration utensil that ships with UnixWare. They had some problems initially getting the utensil to recognize the drives so they could subsist formatted. They managed to travail around the disk configuration problem using an assortment of command line tools, after which Volume Manager worked well.
    Security
    While they did not probe these NOSes extensively to expose any security weaknesses, they did examine at what they offered in security features.
    Microsoft has made significant strides with Windows 2000 security. Windows 2000 supports Kerberos public key certificates as its primary authentication mechanism within a domain, and allows additional authentication with smart cards. Microsoft provides a Security Configuration utensil that integrates with MMC for simple management of security objects in the lively Directory Services system, and a fresh Encrypting File System that lets you designate volumes on which files are automatically stored using encryption.
    Novell added advocate for a public-key infrastructure into NetWare 5 using a public certificate schema developed by RSA Security that lets you tap into NDS to generate certificates.
    Red Hat offers a basic Kerberos authentication mechanism. With Red Hat Linux, as with most Unix operating systems, the network services can subsist individually controlled to augment security. Red Hat offers Pluggable Authentication Modules as a passage of allowing you to set authentication policies across programs running on the server. Passwords are protected with a shadow file. Red Hat too bundles firewall and VPN services.
    UnixWare has a set of security tools called Security Manager that lets you set up varying degrees of intrusion protection across your network services, from no restriction to turning everyone network services off. It's a fine management time saver, though you could manually modify the services to achieve the very result.
    Stability and failing tolerance
    The most feature-rich NOS is of petite value if it can't maintain a server up and running. Windows 2000 offers software RAID 0, 1 and 5 configurations to provide failing tolerance for onboard disk drives, and has a built-in network load-balancing feature that allows a group of servers to examine enjoy one server and partake the very network title and IP address. The group decides which server will service each request. This not only distributes the network load across several servers, it too provides failing tolerance in case a server goes down. On a lesser scale, you can consume Microsoft's Failover Clustering to provide basic failover services between two servers.
    As with NT 4.0, Windows 2000 provides recollection protection, which means that each process runs in its own segment.
    There are too backup and restore capabilities bundled with Windows 2000.
    Novell has an add-on product for NetWare called Novell Cluster Services that allows you to cluster as many as eight servers, everyone managed from one location using ConsoleOne, NetWare Management Portal or NWAdmin32. But Novell presently offers no clustering products to provide load balancing for applications or file services. NetWare has an complicated recollection protection scheme to segregate the recollection used for the kernel and applications, and a Storage Management Services module to provide a highly springy backup and restore facility. Backups can subsist all-inclusive, cover parts of a volume or store a differential snapshot.
    Red Hat provides a load-balancing product called piranha with its Linux. This package provides TCP load balancing between servers in a cluster. There is no hard restrict to the number of servers you can configure in a cluster. Red Hat Linux too provides software RAID advocate through command line tools, has recollection protection capabilities and provides a rudimentary backup facility.
    SCO provides an optional feature to cluster several servers in a load-balancing environment with Non-Stop Clustering for a tall flush of fault-tolerance. Currently, Non-Stop Clustering supports six servers in a cluster. UnixWare provides software RAID advocate that is managed using SCO's On-Line Data Manager feature. everyone the gauge RAID levels are supported. Computer Associates' bundled ArcServeIT 6.6 provides backup and restore capabilities. UnixWare has recollection protection capabilities.
    Documentation
    Because their testing was conducted before Windows 2000's general availability ship date, they were not able to evaluate its hard-copy documentation. The online documentation provided on a CD is extensive, useful and well-organized, although a Web interface would subsist much easier to consume if it gave more than a pair of sentences at a time for a particular encourage topic.
    NetWare 5 comes with two manuals: a circumstantial manual for installing and configuring the NOS with fine explanations of concepts and features along with an overview of how to configure them, and a diminutive spiral-bound booklet of quick start cards. Novell's online documentation is very helpful.
    Red Hat Linux comes with three manuals - an installation guide, a getting started usher and a reference manual - everyone of which are simple to follow.
    Despite being the most difficult product to install, UnixWare offers the best documentation. It comes with two manuals: a system handbook and a getting started guide. The system handbook is a reference for conducting the installation of the operating system. It does a fine job of reflecting this painful experience. The getting started usher is well-written and well-organized. It covers many of the tools needed to configure and maintain the operating system. SCO's online documentation looks nice and is simple to follow.
    Wrapping up
    The bottom line is that these NOSes present a wide scope of characteristics and provide enterprise customers with a noteworthy deal of preference regarding how each can subsist used in any given corporate network.
    If you want a good, general purpose NOS that can deliver enterprise-class services with everyone the bells and whistles imaginable, then Windows 2000 is the strongest contender. However, for tall performance, enterprise file and print services, their tests pomp that Novell leads the pack. If you're willing to pay a higher charge for scalability and reliability, SCO UnixWare would subsist a safe bet. But if you need an inexpensive alternative that will give you bare-bones network services with decent performance, Red Hat Linux can certainly felicitous the bill.
    The preference is yours.
    Bass is the technical director and Robinson is a senior technical staff member at Centennial Networking Labs (CNL) at North Carolina status University in Raleigh. CNL focuses on performance, capacity and features of networking and server technologies and equipment.
    RELATED STORIES:
    Debate will focus on Linux vs. LinuxJanuary 20, 2000Some Windows 2000 PCs will jump the gunJanuary 19, 2000IBM throws Linux lovefestJanuary 19, 2000Corel Linux will flee Windows appsJanuary 10, 2000Novell's eDirectory spans platformsNovember 16, 1999New NetWare embraces Web appsNovember 2, 1999Microsoft sets a date for Windows 2000October 28, 1999
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    Fusion's Forum: Square off with the vendors over who has the best NOS(Network World Fusion)How they did it: Details of the testing(Network World Fusion)Find out the tuning parameters(Network World Fusion)Download the Config files(Network World Fusion)The Shootout results(Network World Fusion)Fusion's NOS resources(Network World Fusion)With Windows 2000, NT grows up(Network World Fusion)Fireworks expected at NOS showdown(Network World Fusion)
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    New Products | killexams.com existent questions and Pass4sure dumps

    New Products
    ActiveBatch Gets Blackberry Functionality
    Administrators Have long been able to receive pages when servers proceed down, but now they can restart servers with their pagers. Advanced Systems Concepts Inc. has added the Blackberry line of pagers to its list of clients for the ActiveBatch Job Scheduling and Management System.
    The ActiveBatch Wireless Client is a module for the management software that enables administrators to monitor systems and initiate processes from the Blackberry. ActiveBatch Job Scheduling and Management System allows users to set up calendars to initiate processes such as backups or printing, or initiate processes from remote clients.
    Ben Rosenberg, CEO of Advanced Systems, says the company chose to advocate the Blackberry first since it was the handheld best suited for round-the-clock monitoring. "The battery life is three weeks, and it’s always on," he says. Advanced Systems supports both the pager-sized and PDA-sized Blackberries.
    If a system sends out an SNMP signal, administrators can configure the system to transmit an e-mail to a Blackberry, alerting the administrator. The e-mail gives the administrator the option to initiate processes, such as rebooting a server, through the Blackberry. "With the Blackberry, e-mails are always actionable by you," Rosenberg says.
    Rosenberg sees two advantages to system management through wireless devices. First, it obviates the need to give instructions over the phone to a less experienced operator. Second, high-level administrators who travel can maintain an eye on the system. "If you’re on the road, you’re able to know if something is wrong," he says. With both advantages, administrators will subsist better able to guarantee uptime, with less impact on their lives.
    In addition to the three levels of encryption standards on Blackberry devices, ActiveBatch provides additional security features, such as a password login to the system. This keeps random users, including thieves, from wreaking havoc on corporate systems. "Use of ActiveBatch is always secure," Rosenberg says.
    ActiveBatch can manage Windows, OpenVMS and Unix-based systems with an agent on each server. The agent sends information to a central Windows console. The software integrates with the Windows Management Instrument, which too serves as a SNMP provider. ActiveBatch provides three plug-ins for remote clients: e-mail, browser and now the Blackberry.
    Rosenberg says Advanced Systems is working to bring ActiveBatch to PocketPC handhelds. He says that although users can already consume them with the browser-based system, the company will reconcile the system to better meet the needs and limitations of the PocketPC platform.
    Contact: Advanced Systems Concepts Inc., www.advsyscon.com, (201) 798-6400
    SafeStone Provides iSeries advocate to RSA Security
    Security management provider SafeStone Technologies plc. has added iSeries 400 features to an existing partnership with RSA Security Inc. Under the enhanced agreement, SafeStone is making RSA’s SecurID authentication utensil usable on an iSeries 400 platform.
    Using its DetectIT Agent 400 interface, SafeStone is enabling two-factor authentication. Two-factor authentication requires an individual to subsist verified twice before access is allowed to systems.
    DetectIT is an offering designed by SafeStone to protect iSeries 400 exit points from unauthorized user access to confidential data, application and resources within an open-connectivity environment.
    Through DetectIT, RSA’s iSeries-based users will subsist able to leverage software solutions for auditing, data and system management, e-business security, and application and access control for separate or multiple networked iSeries 400s.
    As fragment of its agreement with RSA, SafeStone will act as RSA’s IBM iSeries traffic partner, handling everyone sales and advocate responsibility for DetectIT. In this role, SafeStone, which is too an IBM partner for systems management and development, will present DetectIT to RSA’s customers as either a standalone or fully integrated offering.
    Contact: RSA Security, Inc., www.rsa.com, (781) 301-5000
    SafeStone Technologies plc, www.safestone.com
    Vendors obtain Linux Itanium-Ready
    With Intel Corp.’s May release of its 64-bit Itanium processor, Linux vendors are lining up to advocate the fresh architecture. Red Hat Inc., TurboLinux Inc., SuSE AG and Caldera International Inc. everyone formally released distributions for Itanium.
    To coincide with the announcement, TurboLinux released its Operating System 7 for the Itanium processor. "It’s production-ready," says Thrane Jensen, product manager for Itanium. However, Jensen admits that many users will consume early Itanium machines for testing and development, rather than using them in production environments yet.
    Bill Claybrook, research director for Linux and open source at the Aberdeen Group, confirms that "most people are waiting for McKinley." He believes that users will wait for Intel to release McKinley—its second-generation IA-64 processor—before they integrate IA-64 into their environments. "They’re being a petite bit leery of it [in] a production environment," he says. Jensen says TurboLinux is working on its McKinley version of Linux already.
    Jensen says that porting Linux to the IA-64 processor had its challenges. The 64-bit nature of the processor created challenging issues for touching applications over to the fresh chip. "Dependencies on 32-bit create problems," he says. Some applications addressed specific 32-bit features that did not exist in Itanium. For the most part, applications could subsist recompiled for the chip. "In general, it’s along the very code line," he says, "but the kernel has [alot of] different stuff."
    In addition to the core operating system, Jensen says many current Linux applications are too ready for prime time. Apache and other commonly used applications are production-ready, but "ISVs are going to subsist doing more application development," he says.
    Red Hat released its Red Hat Linux 7.1 for the Itanium processor in mid-June. Using the 2.4 kernel, Red Hat positions the fresh release as a platform for testing 64-bit applications ported from 32-bit and RISC machines. The distribution is too suited to enterprise server needs; it runs on up to eight processors and offers fresh configuration tools for BIND, Apache and printing.
    At the very time, Linux vendor SuSE released an Itanium-specific distribution. SuSE Linux 7.2 for IA-64 uses six CD-ROMs to carry over 1,500 applications for the emerging platform. enjoy Red Hat, the company bills the package as a solution for evaluating and deploying Itanium-based servers.
    Although a preview version was already available from the Caldera FTP site at ftp.caldera.com/ia64, Caldera released two fresh versions in May, accompanied by a public announcement. The final production version of OpenLinux Server 64 should subsist available late in the third quarter.
    Biff Traber, senior vice president and general manager of the server traffic line at Caldera, says Caldera has petite to lose by waiting to release a production version. Customers will examine to the distribution for evaluation purposes, so a beta release meets their needs. "It’s a combination of testing, development and prototyping," he says.
    The Trillian project, which initiated development of a Linux kernel for the Itanium processor, first released a kernel in February 2000, predating Itanium’s general availability by over a year. Intel was aggressive in getting prototype chips to developers to ensure a market providing hardware, remote servers and emulators to enable open source developers to Have Linux ready for the release date.
    The project later changed its title to the more formal-sounding IA-64 Linux Project and worked to further enhance the development of Linux on Itanium. Itanium is not the first 64-bit platform to flee Linux—there were already flavors of Linux for Sun Microsystems Inc.’s Sparc processor and Compaq Computer Corp.’s Alpha. In addition to the distributors, the IA-64 Linux Project too boasted hardware vendors, Hewlett-Packard Co., IBM Corp., Silicon Graphics Inc., VA Linux Systems Inc. and NEC Corp., as well as Intel and Swiss research laboratory CERN.

    More About Filesystems | killexams.com existent questions and Pass4sure dumps

    This chapter is from the engage 
    If they deem filesystems as a mechanism for both storing and locating data, then the two key elements for any filesystem are the items being stored and the list of where those items are. The deeper details of how a given filesystem manipulates its data and meta-information proceed beyond the scope of this chapter but are addressed further in Appendix B, "Anatomy of a Filesystem."
    Filesystem Components That the Admin Needs to Know About
    As always, they need to bag a exploit on the vocabulary before they can understand how the elements of a filesystem travail together. The next three sections portray the basic components with which you, as a sysadmin, need to subsist familiar.
    Files
    The most intuitively obvious components of a filesystem are, of course, its files. Because everything in UNIX is a file, special functions are differentiated by file type. There are fewer file types than you might imagine, as Table 3.2 shows.
    Table 3.2 File Types and Purposes, with Examples
    File Type
    Purpose/Contents
    Examples
    Directory
    Maintains information for directory structure
    /
    /usr
    /etc
    Block special
    Buffered device file
    Linux: /dev/hda1
    Solaris: /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0
    Character special
    Raw device file
    Linux: /dev/tty0
    Solaris: /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0
    UNIX domain socket
    Interprocess communication (IPC)
    See output of commands for files Linux: netstat –x Solaris: netstat -f unix
    Named pipe special (FIFO device)
    First-in-first-out IPC mechanism, Invoked by name
    Linux: /dev/initctl Solaris: /etc/utmppipe/etc/cron.d/FIFO
    Symbolic link
    Pointer to another file (any type)
    /usr/tmp -> ../var/tmp
    Regular
    All other files; holds data of everyone other types
    Text files kick files Database files Executables/binaries
    Notice that directories are a sort of file. The key is that they Have a specific sort of format and contents (see Appendix B for more details). A directory holds the filenames and index numbers (see the following section, "Inodes") of everyone its constituent files, including subdirectories.
    Directory files are not flat (or regular) files, but are indexed (like a database), so that you can silent locate a file quickly when you Have a large number of files in the very directory.13
    Even though file handling is generally transparent, it is famous to recall that a file's data blocks14 may not subsist stored sequentially (or even in the very general disk region). When data blocks are widely scattered in an uncoordinated manner, it can affect access times and augment I/O overhead.
    Inodes
    Meta-information about files is stored in structures called index nodes, or inodes. Their contents vary based on the particular filesystem in use, but everyone inodes hold the following information about the file they index:15
  • Inode identification number
  • File type
  • Owners: user and group
  • UNIX permissions
  • File size
  • Timestamps
  • ctime: ultimate file status change time
  • mtime: ultimate data modification time16
  • atime: ultimate access time
  • Reference/link count
  • Physical location information for data blocks
    • Notice that the filename is not stored in the inode, but as an entry in the file's closest parent directory.
    All other information about a file that ls displays is stored in an inode somewhere. With a few handy options, you can haul out lots of useful information. Let's Say that you want to know the inode number of the Solaris kernel.17 You just give the –i option, and voilá:
    [sun:10 ~]ls -i /kernel/genunix
    264206 genunix
    Of course, ls –l is an faded friend, telling you most everything that you want to know. Looking at the Solaris kernel again, you bag the output in pattern 3.4.
    Figure 3.4 Diagrammed Output of ls on a File
    Notice that the timestamp shown by default in a long listing is mtime. You can pass various options to ls to view ctime and atime instead. For other nifty permutations, perceive the ls man page.
    File Permissions and Ownership Refresher
    Because UNIX was designed to advocate many users, the question naturally arises how to know who can perceive what files. The first and simplest respond is simply to permit users to examine only their own files. This, of course, would obtain it difficult, if not impossible, to share, creating noteworthy difficulties in collaborative environments and causing a string of other problems: Why can't I flee ls? Because the system created it, not you, is only the most obvious instance of such problems.
    Users and Groups
    UNIX uses a three-part system to determine file access: There's what you, as the file owner, are allowed to do; there's what the group is allowed to do; and there's what other people are allowed to do. Let's perceive what Elvis's permissions examine like:
    [ elvis@frogbog elvis ]$ ls -l
    total 36
    drwxr-xr-x 5 elvis users 4096 Dec 9 21:55 Desktop
    drwxr-xr-x 2 elvis users 4096 Dec 9 22:00 Mail
    -rw-r--r-- 1 elvis users 36 Dec 9 22:00 README
    -rw-r--r-- 1 elvis users 22 Dec 9 21:59 ThisFile
    drwxr-xr-x 2 elvis users 4096 Dec 12 19:57 arc
    drwxr-xr-x 2 elvis users 4096 Dec 10 00:40 songs
    -rw-r--r-- 1 elvis users 46 Dec 12 19:52 tao.txt
    -rw-r--r-- 1 elvis users 21 Dec 9 21:59 thisfile
    -rw-r--r-- 1 elvis users 45 Dec 12 19:52 west.txt
    As long as we're here, let's atomize down exactly what's being displayed. First, they Have a 10-character string of letters and hyphens. This is the representation of permissions, which I'll atomize down in a minute. The second item is a number, usually a separate digit. This is the number of hard links to that directory. I'll dispute this later in this chapter. The third thing is the username of the file owner, and the fourth is the title of the file's group. The fifth column is a number representing the size of the file, in bytes. The sixth contains the date and time of ultimate modification for the file, and the final column shows the filename.
    Every user on the system has a username and a number that is associated with that user. This number generally is referred to as the UID, short for user ID. If a user has been deleted but, for some reason, his files remain, the username is replaced with that user's UID. Similarly, if a group is deleted but silent owns files, the GID (group number) shows up instead of a title in the group field. There are too other circumstances in which the system can't correlate the title and the number, but these should subsist relatively rare occurrences.
    As a user, you can't change the owner of your files: This would open up some grave security holes on the system. Only root can chown files, but if he makes a mistake, you can now question root to chown the files to you. As a user, you can chgrp a file to a different group of which you are a member. That is, if Elvis is a member of a group named users and a group named elvis, he can chgrp elvis west.txt or chgrp users west.txt, but because he's not a member of the group beatles, he can't chgrp beatles west.txt. A user can belong to any number of groups. Generally (although this varies fairly by flavor), files created belong to the group to which the directory belongs. On most modern UNIX variants, the group that owns files is whatever group is listed as your primary group by the system in the /etc/passwd file and can subsist changed via the newgrp command. On these systems, Elvis can chgrp users if he wants his files to belong to the users group, or he can chgrp elvis if he wants his files to belong to the elvis group.
    Reading Permissions
    So, what were those humorous strings of letters and hyphens at the dawn of each long directory listing? I already said that they represented the permissions of the file, but that's not especially helpful. The 10 characters of that string picture the authorization bits for each file. The first character is separate, and the ultimate nine are three very similar groups of three characters. I'll interpret each of these in turn.
    If you examine back to Elvis's long listing of his directory, you'll perceive that most of the files simply Have a hyphen as the first character, whereas several possess a d in this field. The more astute reader might note that the files with a d in that first field everyone occur to subsist directories. There's a fine intuition for this: The first permissions character denotes whether that file is a special file of one sort or another.
    What's a special file? It's either something that isn't really a file (in the sense of a sequential stream of bytes on a disk) but that UNIX treats as a file, such as a disk or a video display, or something that is really a file but that is treated differently. A directory, by necessity, is a stream of bytes on disk, but that d means that it's treated differently.
    The next three characters picture what the user who owns the file can attain with it. From left to right, these permissions are read, write, and execute. Read authorization is just that—the capability to perceive the contents of a file. Write authorization implies not only the right to change the contents of a file, but too the right to delete it. If I attain not possess write authorization to a file, rm not_ permitted.txt fails.
    Execute authorization determines whether the file is too a command that can subsist flee on the system. Because UNIX sees everything as a file, everyone commands are stored in files that can subsist created, modified, and deleted enjoy any other file. The computer then needs a passage to inform what can and can't subsist run. The execute bit does this.
    Another famous intuition that you need to worry about whether a file is executable is that some programs are designed to subsist flee only by the system administrator: These programs can modify the computer's configuration or can subsist Dangerous in some other way. Because UNIX enables you to specify permissions for the owner, the group, and other users, the execute bit enables the administrator to restrict the consume of Dangerous programs.
    Directories deal the execute authorization differently. If a directory does not Have execute permissions, that user (or group, or other users on the system) can't cd into that directory and can't examine at information about the files in that directory. (You usually can find the names of the files, however.) Even if you Have permissions for the files in that directory, you generally can't examine at them. (This varies fairly by platform.)
    The second set of three characters is the group permissions (read, write, and execute, in that order), and the final set of three characters is what other users on the system are permitted to attain with that file. Because of security concerns (either due to other users on your system or due to pervasive networks such as the Internet), giving write access to other users is highly discouraged.
    Changing Permissions
    Great, you can now read the permissions in the directory listing, but what can you attain with them? Let's Say that Elvis wants to obtain his directory readable only by himself. He can chmod go-rwx ~/songs: That means remove the read, write, and execute permissions for the group and others on the system. If Elvis decides to let Nashville artists occupy a examine at his material but not change it (and if there's a group nashville on the system), he can first chgrp nashville songs and then chmod g+r songs.
    If Elvis does this, however, he'll find that (at least, on some platforms) members of group nashville can't examine at them. Oops! With a simple chmod g+x songs, the problem is solved:
    [ elvis@frogbog elvis ]$ ls -l
    total 36
    drwxr-xr-x 5 elvis users 4096 Dec 9 21:55 Desktop
    drwxr-xr-x 2 elvis users 4096 Dec 9 22:00 Mail
    -rw-r--r-- 1 elvis users 36 Dec 9 22:00 README
    -rw-r--r-- 1 elvis users 22 Dec 9 21:59 ThisFile
    drwxr-xr-x 2 elvis users 4096 Dec 12 19:57 arc
    drwxr-x--- 2 elvis nashvill 4096 Dec 15 14:21 songs
    -rw-r--r-- 1 elvis users 46 Dec 12 19:52 tao.txt
    -rw-r--r-- 1 elvis users 21 Dec 9 21:59 thisfile
    -rw-r--r-- 1 elvis users 45 Dec 12 19:52 west.txt
    Special Permissions
    In addition to the read, write, and execute bits, there exists special permissions used by the system to determine how and when to suspend the conventional authorization rules. Any thorough understanding of UNIX requires an understanding of the setuid, setgid, and sticky bits. For conventional system users, only a general understanding of these is necessary, and this discussion is thus brief. fine documentation on this theme exists elsewhere for budding system administrators and programmers.
    setuid
    The setuid bit applies only to executable files and directories. In the case of executable programs, it means that the given program runs as though the file owner were running it. That is, xhextris, a variant on Tetris, has the following permissions on my system:
    -rwsr-xr-x
    1 games games 32516 May 18 1999 /usr/X11R6/bin/xhextris
    There's a pseudouser called games on the system, which can't subsist logged into and has no home directory. When the xhextris program executes, it can read and write to files that only the game's pseudouser normally would subsist permitted. In this case, there's a high-score file stored on the system that writeable only by that user. When Elvis runs the game, the system acts as though he were the user games, and thus he is able to store the high-score file. To set the setuid bit on a file, you can inform chmod to give it mode u+s. (You can contemplate of this as uid set, although this isn't technically accurate.)
    setgid
    The setgid bit, which stands for "set group id," works almost identically to setuid, except that the system acts as though the user's group is that of the given file. If xhextris had used setgid games instead of setuid games, the tall score would subsist writeable to any directory owned by the group games. It is used by the system administrator in ways fundamentally similar to the setuid permission.
    When applied to directories on Linux, Irix, and Solaris (and probably most other POSIX-compliant UNIX flavors as well), the setgid bit means that fresh files are given the parent directory's group rather than the user's primary or current group. This can subsist useful for, say, a directory for fonts built by (and for) a given program. Any user might generate the fonts via a setgid command that writes to a setgid directory. setgid on directories varies by platform; check your documentation. To set the setgid bit, you can inform chmod to consume g+s (gid set).
    sticky
    Although a file in a group or world-writeable directory without the sticky bit can subsist deleted by anyone with write authorization for that directory (user, group, or other), a file in a directory with the sticky bit set can subsist deleted only by either the file's owner or root. This is particularly useful for creating temporary directories or scratch space that can subsist used by anyone without one's files being deleted by others. You can set authorization +t in chmod to give something the sticky bit.
    Numeric Permissions
    Like almost everything else on UNIX, permissions Have a number associated with them. It's generally considered that permissions are a group of four digits, each between 0 and 7. Each of those digits represents a group of three permissions, each of which is a yes/no answer. From left to right, those digits picture special permissions, user permissions, group permissions, and other permissions.
    So, About Those authorization Bits...
    Most programs reading authorization bits expect four digits, although often only three are given. Shorter numbers are filled in with leading zeros: 222 is treated as 0222, and 5 is treated as 0005. The three rightmost digits are, as previously mentioned, user (owner) permissions, group permissions, and other permissions, from right to left.
    Each of these digits is calculated in the following manner: read authorization has a value of 4, write authorization has a value of 2, and execute authorization has a value of 1. Simply add these values together, and you've got that authorization value. Read, write, and execute would subsist 7, read and write without execute would subsist 6, and no authorization to attain anything would subsist 0. Read, write, and execute for the file owner, with read and execute for the group and nothing at everyone for anyone else, would subsist 750. Read and write for the user and group, but only read for others, would subsist 664.
    The special permissions are 4 for setuid, 2 for setgid, and 1 for sticky. This digit is prepended to the three-digit numeric permission: A temporary directory with sticky read, write, and execute authorization for everyone would subsist mode 1777. A setuid root directory writeable by nobody else would subsist 4700. You can consume chmod to set numeric permissions directly, as in chmod 1777 /tmp.
    umask
    In addition to a more precise consume of chmod, numeric permissions are used with the umask command, which sets the default permissions. More precisely, it "masks" the default permissions: The umask value is subtracted from the maximum viable settings.* umask deals only with the three-digit permission, not the full-fledged four-digit value. A umask of 002 or 022 is most commonly the default. 022, subtracted from 777, is 755: read, write, and execute for the user, and read and execute for the group and others. 002 from 777 is 775: read, write, and execute for the user and group, and read and execute for others. I minister to set my umask to 077: read, write, and execute for myself, and nothing for my group or others. (Of course, when working on a group project, I set my umask to 007: My group and I can read, write, or execute anything, but others can't attain anything with their files.)
    You should note that the umask assumes that the execute bit on the file will subsist set. everyone umasks are subtracted from 777 rather than 666, and those extra ones are subtracted later, if necessary. (See Appendix B for more details on authorization bits and umask workings.)
    *Actually, the authorization bits are XORed with the maximum viable settings, if you're a computer science type.
    Also notice that the first bit of output prepended to the permissions string indicates the file type. This is one handy passage of identifying a file's type. Another is the file command, as shown in Table 3.3.
    Table 3.3 ls File Types and file Output Sample
    File Type
    ls File sort Character
    File pomp Example
    Directory
    d
    [either:1 ~]file /usr/usr: directory
    Block special device
    b
    [linux: 10 ~] file /dev/hda1/dev/hda1: obscure special (3/1)[sun:10 root ~]file /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0: obscure special(136/0)
    Character special device
    c
    [linux:11 ~] file /dev/tty0/dev/tty0: character special (4/0)
    [ensis:11 ~]file /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0/dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0: character special (136/0)
    UNIX domain socket
    s
    [linux:12 ~] file /dev/log/dev/log: socket
    [sun:12 ~]file /dev/ccv/dev/ccv: socket
    Named pipe special (FIFO device)
    p
    [linux:13 ~] file /dev/initctl/dev/initctl: fifo (named pipe)
    [sun:13 ~]file /etc/utmppipe/etc/utmppipe: fifo
    Symbolic link
    l
    [linux:14 ~] file /usr/tmp/usr/tmp: symbolic link to ../var/tmp
    [sun:14 ~]file -h /usr/tmp/usr/tmp: symbolic link to ¬../var/tmp
    Regular
    -
    [linux:15 ~] file /etc/passwd/etc/passwd: ASCII text
    [linux:15 ~] file /boot/vmlinux-2.4.2-2/boot/vmlinux-2.4.2-2: ELF 32-bit LSB executable,
    ¬Intel 80386, version 1,statically linked, not stripped
    [linux:15 ~] file /etc/rc.d/init.d/sshd/etc/rc.d/init.d/sshd: Bourne-Again shell script text executable
    [sun:15 ~]file /etc/passwd
    /etc/passwd: ascii text
    [sun:15 ~]file /kernel/genunix
    -/kernel/genunix: ELF 32-bit MSB relocatable
    ¬SPARC Version 1
    [sun:15 ~]file /etc/init.d/sshd
    /etc/init.d/sshd: executable
    ¬/sbin/sh script
    Notice the in-depth information that file gives—in many cases, it shows details about the file that no other command will readily pomp (such as what benevolent of executable the file is). These low-level details are beyond the scope of their discussion, but the man page has more information.
    Important Points about the file ommand
    file tries to pattern out what sort a file is based on three types of test:
  • The file sort that the ls –l command returns.
  • -The presence of a magic number at the dawn of the file identifying the file type. These numbers are defined in the file /usr/share/magic in Red Hat Linux 7.1 and /usr/lib/locale/locale/LC_MESSAGES/magic (or /etc/magic) in Solaris 8. Typically, only binary files will Have magic numbers.
  • -In the case of a regular/text file, the first few bytes are tested to determine the sort of text representation and then to determine whether the file has a recognized purpose, such as C code or a Perl script.
    • file actually opens the file and changes the atime in the inode.
    Inode lists are maintained by the filesystem itself, including which ones are free for use. Inode allocation and manipulation is everyone transparent to both sysadmins and users.
    Inodes become significant at two times for the sysadmin: at filesystem creation time and when the filesystem runs out of free inodes. At filesystem creation time, the total number of inodes for the filesystem is allocated. Although they are not in use, space is set aside for them. You cannot add any more inodes to a filesystem after it has been created. When you flee out of inodes, you must either free some up (by deleting or touching files) or migrate to another, larger filesystem.
    Without inodes, files are just a random assortment of ones and zeros on the disk. There is no guarantee that the file will subsist stored sequentially within a sector or track, so without an inode to point the passage to the data blocks, the file is lost. In fact, every file is uniquely identified by the combination of its filesystem title and inode number.
    See Appendix B for more circumstantial information on the exact content of inodes and their structure.
    Linux has a very useful command called stat that dumps the contents of an inode in a tidy format:
    [linux:9 ~]stat . File: "." Size: 16384 Filetype: Directory Mode: (0755/drwxr-xr-x) Uid: (19529/ robin) Gid:(20/users) Device: 0,4 Inode: 153288707 Links: 78 Access: Sun Jul 22 13:58:29 2001(00009.04:37:59) Modify: Sun Jul 22 13:58:29 2001(00009.04:37:59) Change: Sun Jul 22 13:58:29 2001(00009.04:37:59) Boot obscure and Superblock
    When a filesystem is created, two structures are automatically created, whether they are immediately used or not. The first is called the boot block, where boot-time information is stored. Because a partition may subsist made bootable at will, this structure needs to subsist available at everyone times.
    The other structure, of more interest here, is the superblock. Just as an inode contains meta-information about a file, a superblock contains metainformation about a filesystem. Some of the more faultfinding contents are listed here:18
  • Filesystem name
  • Filesystem size
  • Timestamp: ultimate update
  • Superblock status flag
  • Filesystem status flag: clean, stable, active
  • Number of free blocks
  • List of free blocks
  • Pointer to next free block
  • Size of inode list
  • Number of free inodes
  • List of free inodes
  • Pointer to next free inode
  • Lock fields for free blocks and inodes
  • Summary data block
    • And you thought inodes were complex.
    The superblock keeps track of free file blocks and free inodes so that the filesystem can store fresh files. Without these lists and pointers, a long, sequential search would Have to subsist performed to find free space every time a file was created.
    In much the very passage that files without inodes are lost, filesystems without intact superblocks are inaccessible. That's why there is a superblock status flag—to testify whether the superblock was properly and completely updated before the disk (or system) was ultimate taken offline. If it was not, then a consistency check must subsist performed for the all filesystem and the results stored back in the superblock.
    Again, more circumstantial information about the superblock and its role in UNIX filesystems may subsist institute in Appendix B.
    Filesystem Types
    Both Red Hat and Solaris recognize a army of different filesystem types, although you will generally intermission up using and supporting just a few. There are three gauge types of filesystem—local, network, and pseudo—and a fourth "super-filesystem" sort that is actually losing ground, given the size of modern disks.
    Local Filesystems
    Local filesystems are common to every system that has its own local disk.19 Although there are many instances of this sort of filesystem, they are everyone designed to travail within a system, managing the components discussed in the ultimate section and interfacing with the physical drive(s).
    Only a few local filesystems are specifically designed to subsist cross-platform (and sometimes even cross–OS-type). They approach in handy, though, when you Have a nondisk hardware failure; you can just occupy the disk and save it into another machine to retrieve the data.20 The UNIX File System, or ufs, was designed for this; both Solaris and Red Hat Linux machines can consume disks with this filesystem. Note that Solaris uses ufs filesystems by default. Red Hat's default local filesystem is ext2.
    Another local, cross-platform filesystem is ISO9660, the CD-ROM standard. This is why you can read your Solaris CD in a Red Hat box's reader.
    Local filesystems approach in two related but several flavors. The original, gauge model filesystem is silent in broad consume today. The newer journaling filesystem sort is just dawn to really approach into its own. The major dissimilarity between the two types is the passage they track changes and attain integrity checks.
    Standard Filesystems
    Standard, nonjournaling filesystems confidence on flags in the superblock for consistency regulation. If the superblock flag is not set to "clean," then the filesystem knows that it was not shut down properly: not everyone write buffers were flushed to disk, and so on. Inconsistency in a filesystem means that allocated inodes could subsist overwritten; free inodes could subsist counted as in use—in short, rampant file corruption, mass hysteria.
    But there is a filesystem integrity checker to save the day: fsck. This command is usually invoked automatically at boot-time to verify that everyone filesystems are cleanly and stable. If the / or /usr filesystems are inconsistent, the system might prompt you to start up a miniroot shell and manually flee fsck. A few of the more faultfinding items checked and corrected are listed here:
  • Unclaimed blocks and inodes (not in free list or in use)
  • Unreferenced but allocated blocks and inodes
  • Multiply claimed blocks and inodes
  • Bad inode formats
  • Bad directory formats
  • Bad free obscure or inode list formats
  • Incorrect free obscure or inode counts
  • Superblock counts and flags
    • Note that a filesystem should subsist unmounted before running fsck (see the later section "Administering Local Filesystems"). Running fsck on a mounted filesystem might cause a system panic and crash, or it might simply rebuff to flee at all. It's too best, though not required, that you flee fsck on the raw device, when possible. perceive the man page for more details and options.
    So where does fsck save orphans, the blocks and inodes that are clearly in consume but aren't referenced anywhere? Enter the lost+found directories. There is always a /lost+found directory on every system; other directories accrue them as fsck finds orphans in their purview. fsck automatically creates the directories as needed and renames the lost blocks into there by inode number. perceive the man pages "mklost+found" on Red Hat and "fsck_ufs" on Solaris.
    Journaling Filesystems
    Journaling filesystems attain away with fsck and its concomitant superblock structures. everyone filesystem status information is internally tracked and monitored, in much the very passage that databases systems set up checkpoints and self-verifications.
    With journaling filesystems, you Have a better desultory of complete data recovery in the event of a system crash. Even unsaved data in buffers can subsist recovered thanks to the internal log.21 This benevolent of failing tolerance makes journaling filesystems useful in high- availability environments.
    The drawback, of course, is that when a filesystem enjoy this gets corrupted somehow, it presents major difficulties for recovery. Most journaling filesystems provide their own salvaging programs for consume in case of emergency. This underscores how faultfinding backups are, no matter what benevolent of filesystem software you've invested in. perceive Chapter 16, "Backups," for more information.
    One of the earliest journaling filesystems is silent a commercial venture: VxFS by Veritas. Another pioneer has decided to release its software into the public domain under GPL22 licensing: JFS23 by IBM. SGI's xfs journaling filesystem has been freely available under GPL since about 1999, although it is only designed to travail under IRIX and Linux.24
    Maintenance of filesystem status incurs an overhead when using journaling filesystems. As a result, these filesystems effect suboptimally for diminutive filesystem sizes. Generally, journaling filesystems are appropriate for filesystem sizes of 500Mb or more.
    Network Filesystems
    Network-based filesystems are really add-ons to local filesystems because the file server must Have the actual data stored in one of its own local filesystems.25 Network file- systems Have both a server and client program.
    The server usually runs as a daemon on the system that is sharing disk space. The server's local filesystems are unaffected by this extra process. In fact, the daemon generally only puts a few messages in the syslog and is otherwise only visible through ps.
    The system that wants to access the server's disk space runs the client program to mount the shared filesystems across the network. The client program handles everyone the I/O so that the network filesystem behaves just a enjoy a local filesystem toward the client machine.
    The faded standby for network-based filesystems is the Network File System (NFS). The NFS gauge is currently up to revision 3, though there are quite a number of implementations with their own version numbers. Both Red Hat and Solaris approach gauge with NFS client and server packages. For more details on the inner workings and configuration of NFS, perceive Chapter 13, "File Sharing."
    Other network-based filesystems include AFS (IBM's Andrew File System) and DFS/DCE (Distributed File System, fragment of the Open Group's Distributed Computing Environment). The mechanisms of these advanced filesystems proceed beyond the scope of this book, although their goal is silent the same: to efficiently partake files across the network transparently to the user.
    Pseudo Filesystems
    Pseudofilesystems are an enchanting development in that they are not actually related to disk-based partitions. They are instead purely rational constructs that picture information and meta-information in a hierarchical structure. Because of this structure and because they can subsist manipulated with the mount command, they are silent referred to as filesystems.
    The best instance of pseudofilesystems exists on both Red Hat and Solaris systems: /proc. Under Solaris, /proc is restricted to just managing process information:
    [sun:1 ~]ls /proc 0 145 162 195 206 230 262 265 272 286 299 303 342 370 403 408 _672 752 1 155 185 198 214 243 263 266 278 292 3 318 360 371 404 52 _674 142 157 192 2 224 252 264 268 280 298 302 319 364 400 406 58 _678
    Note that these directories are everyone named according to the process numbers corresponding to what you would find in the output of ps. The contents of each directory are the various meta-information that the system needs to manage the process.
    Under Red Hat, /proc provides information about processes as well as about various system components and statistics:
    [linux:1 ~] ls /proc 1 18767 23156 24484 25567 28163 4 493 674 8453 ksyms _stat 13557 18933 23157 24486 25600 3 405 5 675 9833 loadavg _swaps 13560 18934 23158 24487 25602 3050 418 5037 676 9834 locks _sys 13561 18937 23180 24512 25603 3051 427 5038 7386 9835 mdstat _tty 1647 19709 23902 24541 25771 3052 441 5054 7387 bus meminfo _uptime 1648 19730 23903 24775 25772 30709 455 5082 7388 cmdline misc _version 1649 19732 23936 25494 25773 30710 473 510 7414 cpuinfo modules 16553 19733 24118 25503 25824 30712 485 5101 7636 devices mounts 18658 2 24119 25504 25882 30729 486 524 7637 dma mtrr 18660 21450 24120 25527 25920 320 487 558 7638 filesystems net 18661 21462 24144 25533 26070 335 488 6 7662 fs _partitions 18684 21866 24274 25534 26071 337 489 670 8426 interrupts pci 18685 21869 24276 25541 26072 338 490 671 8427 ioports scsi 18686 21870 24277 25542 28161 339 491 672 8428 kcore self 18691 21954 24458 25543 28162 365 492 673 8429 kmsg slabinfo
    Again they perceive the directories named for process numbers, but they too perceive directories with indicative names such as cpuinfo and loadavg. Because this is a hierarchical filesystem, you can cd into these directories and read the various files for their system information.
    The most enchanting thing about /proc is that it allows even processes to subsist treated enjoy files.26 This means that pretty much everything in UNIX, whether it is something that just exists or something that actually happens, can now subsist considered a file.
    For more information under Red Hat, sort man proc. For more information under Solaris, sort man –s 4 proc.
    Logical Volumes
    Finally, there are the "super-filesystems" or rational volumes that attain what the other major types of filesystem cannot: surmount the barriers of partitions. You may well question why anyone would want to attain that. There are two reasons. First, because disks used to subsist a lot smaller and more costly, you used what you had at hand. If you needed a large pool of disk space, rational volumes allowed you to aggregate remnants into something useable. Second, even with larger disks, you silent might not subsist able to achieve the benevolent of disk space required by a particular researcher or program. Once again, rational volumes allow you to aggregate partitions across disks to form one large filesystem.
    Crossing disk boundaries with a rational volume is referred to as disk spanning. Once you Have rational volumes, you can too Have some fairly tangled data management methods and performance-enhancing techniques. Disk striping, for example, is a performance booster. Instead of sequentially filling one disk and then the next in series, it spreads the data in discrete chunks across disks, allowing better I/O response through parallel operations.
    RAID27 implements rational volumes at 10 several levels, with various features at each level. This implementation can subsist done either in hardware or in software, although the nomenclature for both is the same.28
    Table 3.4 RAID Levels
    RAID Level
    Features
    Implications
    0
    Disk striping
    Fastest
    Not self-repairing
    1
    Disk mirroring
    Fast
    Self-repairing
    -Requires extra drives for data duplication
    2
    Disk striping
    Fast
    Error correction
    Self-repairing
    (Very similar to RAID-3)
    3
    Disk striping
    Slower
    Parity disk
    Self-repairing
    Error correction
    Requires divide parity disk
    4
    Disk striping
    Slower
    Parity disk
    Self-repairing
    Requires divide parity disk
    (Very similar to RAID-5)
    5
    Disk striping
    Slowest for writes, but
    Rotating parity array
    good for reads
    Self-repairing
    Requires three to five divide parity disks
    Reconstruction by parity data (not duplication)
    6
    RAID-5 + secondary
    Not in broad use
    parity scheme
    7
    RAID-5 + real-time embedded controller
    Not in broad use
    0+1
    Mirrored striping
    -RAID-0 array duplicated (mirrored)
    1+0
    Striped mirroring
    -Each stripe is RAID-1 (mirrored) array
    High cost
    0+3
    Array of parity stripes
    Each stripe is RAID-3 array
    High cost
    Clearly, the benevolent of complexity inherent in everyone rational volume systems requires some benevolent of back-end management system. Red Hat offers the rational Volume Manager (LVM) as a kernel module. While the details of LVM are beyond the scope of this book, it is enchanting to note that you can save any filesystem that you want on top of the rational volume. Start at http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO.htmlfor more details.
    Although Sun offers rational volume management, it is through a for-pay program called "Solstice DiskSuite." The filesystem on DiskSuite rational volumes must subsist ufs. For more information, start at http://docs.sun.com/ab2/coll.260.2/DISKSUITEREF.
    Another commercial rational volume manager for Solaris comes from Veritas; see: http://www.veritas.com/us/products/volumemanager/faq.html#a24
    The beauty of everyone rational volumes is that they expose to subsist just another local filesystem and are completely transparent to the user. However, rational volumes attain add some complexity for the systems administrator, and the schema should subsist carefully documented on paper, in case it needs to subsist re-created.
    NAS
    Normally, a file server's disks are directly attached to the file server. With network-attached storage (NAS), the file server and the disks that it serves are divide entities, communicating over the local network. The storage disks require an aggregate controller that arbitrates file I/O requests from the external server(s). The server(s) and the aggregate controller each Have several network IP addresses. To serve the files to clients, a file (or application) server sends file I/O requests to the NAS aggregate controller and relays the results back to client systems.
    NAS is touched on here for completeness—entire books can subsist written about NAS design and implementation. NAS does not really picture a sort of filesystem, but rather it is a mechanism to assuage the file server from the details of hardware disk access by isolating them in the network-attached storage unit.
    Red Hat Filesystem Reference Table
    Table 3.5 lists major filesystems that currently advocate (or are supported by) Red Hat.29 The filesystem types that are currently natively supported are listed in /usr/src/linux/ fs/filesytems.c.
    Table 3.5 Filesystem Types and Purposes, with Examples (Red Hat)
    Filesystem Type
    Specific Instances (as Used in /etc/fstab)
    Purpose
    Local
    ext2
    Red Hat default filesystem
    ufs
    Solaris compatibility
    jfs
    Journaling filesystem from IBM
    xfs
    Journaling filesystem from SGI
    msdos
    Windows compatibility: DOS
    ntfs
    Windows compatibility: NT
    vfat
    Windows compatibility: FAT-32
    sysv
    SYS-V compatibility
    iso9660
    CD-ROM
    Adfs hfs romfs
    Others
    Affs hpfs smbfs
    Coda mnix udf
    devpts ncpfs umsdos
    efs qux4
    coherent
    Deprecated, pre-kernel 2.1.21
    ext
    xenix
    xiafs
    Network
    afs
    Network-based remote communication
    autofs
    nfs
    Pseudo
    proc
    Store process (and other system) meta-information
    Solaris Filesystem Reference Table
    Table 3.6 lists major filesystems that currently advocate (or are supported by) Solaris. The filesystem types that currently are natively supported are listed as directories under /usr/lib/fs.
    Table 3.6 Filesystem Types and Purposes, with Examples (Solaris)
    Filesystem Type
    Specific Instances (as Used in /etc/vfstab)
    Purpose
    Local
    ufs
    Solaris default filesystem; Red Hat-compatible
    pcfs
    PC filesystem
    hsfs
    CD-ROM
    jfs
    Journaling filesystem from IBM
    Network
    afs
    Network-based remote communication
    nfs
    Pseudo
    procfs
    Store process metainformation
    Fdfs swapfs tmpfs
    Mount metainformation areas as filesystems
    mntfs cachefs lofs
    fifofs specfs udfs namefs

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